Operating system - Wikipedia. An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. Mobirise is an offline app for Window and Mac to easily create small/medium websites, landing pages, online resumes and portfolios, promo sites for apps, events, services and products. Here are the latest articles published on Tom’s Hardware. See the latest news, reviews and roundups and access our tech archives. Welcome to the Citrix Community page where you can connect with experts and join the conversation about Citrix technologies. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function. Time- sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer . Other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real- time systems, exist for many applications. Types of operating systems. Single- and multi- tasking.
A single- tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi- tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running in concurrency. This is achieved by time- sharing, dividing the available processor time between multiple processes that are each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task- scheduling subsystem of the operating system. Multi- tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co- operative types. In preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix- like operating systems, e. Solaris, Linux, as well as Amiga. OS support preemptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi- tasking. Windows NT and Win. Single- and multi- user. Single- user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem. Time- sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources to multiple users. Distributed. A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. Real- time. A real- time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real- time operating system may be single- or multi- tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. An event- driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time- sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts. Library. A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries. These libraries are composed with the application and configuration code to construct unikernels . Basic operating system features were developed in the 1. Operating systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early 1. When personal computers became popular in the 1. In the 1. 94. 0s, the earliest electronic digital systems had no operating systems. Electronic systems of this time were programmed on rows of mechanical switches or by jumper wires on plug boards. These were special- purpose systems that, for example, generated ballistics tables for the military or controlled the printing of payroll checks from data on punched paper cards. After programmable general purpose computers were invented, machine languages (consisting of strings of the binary digits 0 and 1 on punched paper tape) were introduced that sped up the programming process (Stern, 1. Each user had sole use of the computer for a limited period of time and would arrive at a scheduled time with program and data on punched paper cards or punched tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine would be set to work until the program completed or crashed. Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using toggle switches and panel lights. It is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark 1 machine, and he was already deriving the primitive conception of an operating system from the principles of the universal Turing machine. This was the genesis of the modern- day operating system. However, machines still ran a single job at a time. At Cambridge University in England the job queue was at one time a washing line (clothes line) from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes- pegs to indicate job- priority. These features were included or not included in application software at the option of application programmers, rather than in a separate operating system used by all applications. In 1. 95. 9, the SHARE Operating System was released as an integrated utility for the IBM 7. IBSYS/IBJOB on the 7. During the 1. 96. IBM's OS/3. 60 introduced the concept of a single OS spanning an entire product line, which was crucial for the success of the System/3. IBM's current mainframe operating systems are distant descendants of this original system and applications written for OS/3. When the process is terminated for any reason, all of these resources are re- claimed by the operating system. The alternative CP- 6. S/3. 60- 6. 7 started a whole line of IBM operating systems focused on the concept of virtual machines. Other operating systems used on IBM S/3. IBM: COS/3. 60 (Compatibility Operating System), DOS/3. Disk Operating System), TSS/3. Time Sharing System), TOS/3. Tape Operating System), BOS/3. Basic Operating System), and ACP (Airline Control Program), as well as a few non- IBM systems: MTS (Michigan Terminal System), MUSIC (Multi- User System for Interactive Computing), and ORVYL (Stanford Timesharing System). Control Data Corporation developed the SCOPE operating system in the 1. In cooperation with the University of Minnesota, the Kronos and later the NOS operating systems were developed during the 1. Like many commercial timesharing systems, its interface was an extension of the Dartmouth BASIC operating systems, one of the pioneering efforts in timesharing and programming languages. In the late 1. 97. Control Data and the University of Illinois developed the PLATO operating system, which used plasma panel displays and long- distance time sharing networks. Plato was remarkably innovative for its time, featuring real- time chat, and multi- user graphical games. In 1. 96. 1, Burroughs Corporation introduced the B5. MCP, (Master Control Program) operating system. The B5. 00. 0 was a stack machine designed to exclusively support high- level languages with no machine language or assembler, and indeed the MCP was the first OS to be written exclusively in a high- level language . MCP also introduced many other ground- breaking innovations, such as being the first commercial implementation of virtual memory. During development of the AS/4. IBM made an approach to Burroughs to licence MCP to run on the AS/4. This proposal was declined by Burroughs management to protect its existing hardware production. MCP is still in use today in the Unisys. Clear. Path/MCP line of computers. UNIVAC, the first commercial computer manufacturer, produced a series of EXEC operating systems. Like all early main- frame systems, this batch- oriented system managed magnetic drums, disks, card readers and line printers. In the 1. 97. 0s, UNIVAC produced the Real- Time Basic (RTB) system to support large- scale time sharing, also patterned after the Dartmouth BC system. General Electric and MIT developed General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor (GECOS), which introduced the concept of ringed security privilege levels. After acquisition by Honeywell it was renamed General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS). Digital Equipment Corporation developed many operating systems for its various computer lines, including TOPS- 1. TOPS- 2. 0 time sharing systems for the 3. PDP- 1. 0 class systems. Before the widespread use of UNIX, TOPS- 1. ARPANET community. From the late 1. 96. Early systems had utilized microprogramming to implement features on their systems in order to permit different underlying computer architectures to appear to be the same as others in a series. In fact, most 3. 60s after the 3. The enormous investment in software for these systems made since the 1. Notable supported mainframe operating systems include: Microcomputers. PC DOS was an early personal computer OS that featured a command line interface. The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and minis; minimalistic operating systems were developed, often loaded from ROM and known as monitors. One notable early disk operating system was CP/M, which was supported on many early microcomputers and was closely imitated by Microsoft's MS- DOS, which became widely popular as the operating system chosen for the IBM PC (IBM's version of it was called IBM DOS or PC DOS). In the 1. 98. 0s, Apple Computer Inc. Microsoft responded to this progress by hiring Dave Cutler, who had developed the VMS operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation.
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Section. 1. 32 of the Internal Revenue Code. OMB. Circular A- 1. Appendix A Implementation Plans. OMB. Memorandum for the Heads of Department and Agencies as “Federal Transit. Benefits Program,” May 1. M- 0. 7- 1. 5. 1. DOT Transit Benefit Program. It is officially Week of Respect across. Approved. Public Transportation Modes. Eligibility. 1. 66. Program. Consistency. The Nevada Commission on Ethics, by the authority granted it under chapter 281A of NRS, strives to enhance the public's faith and confidence in. Calculation. of Benefit. Transit. Links. 1. Application. 1. 96. Receipt. of Transit Benefits. Recertification. 1. Termination. of Benefits. Returning. Media. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Review of the Nevada Occupational Safety and Health Program. Fatality Case File Reviews. Intentional violation of Code of Ethics for Public Officials and Employees, including: Use of official position or. For new employees, review plan options, learn how the plans work and how to enroll. Also find information about important dates, adding dependents. If so introduce yourself or go directly to our online application. Or, if you have questions before applying get help here. 5/24/2016 3:35:41 PM--2015. NRS 388.020 Kinds of public schools. Distribution. Reports. Activity. Account Statement (AAS)2. Internal Controls and Testing. Secure. Media. 2. Fraud. and Abuse. Electronic. Fare Media (EFM)2. Application/Estimate. Transit Benefit. 21. Verification. of Eligibility. Human. Resources Exit Procedures. Distribution. 2. 27. Parking. Permit List. Self. Monitoring. Integrity. Awareness Training. Integrity Awareness Training. DOT. Employees. 2. Frequently. Asked Questions (FAQ’s)2. References. 2. 9LIST OF APPENDICESAppendix A – Acronyms List Page 3. Appendix B – Transit Benefit. Application Page. Appendix C –Transit Benefit. Self Certification/Recertification Form Page. Appendix D – TRANServe. Customer Agreement Page. Appendix E - Transit Benefit. Program Partnership Agreement Page. Appendix F – TRANServe. Participant Reminder Page. Appendix H - Media Return Form Page. The Transit Benefit Program is a proven means to help. According to its 2. United States. the Texas Transportation Institute estimated that highway congestion is. The study estimated that highway. For example in the ten most congested areas, which include. National Capital Region (NCR), congestion has been estimated to cost. To. address this growing concern, the U. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced. Bush Administration’s National Strategy to Reduce Congestion on America’s. Transportation Network, a comprehensive new national initiative to reduce. Increasing transit. National Strategy for. DOT’s Transit Benefit Program was established in 1. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) began pilot testing a program, which. In 1. 99. 3. as part of a national effort to improve air quality and to reduce traffic. Federal Employees Clean Air Incentive Act (. Pub. L. 1. 03- 1. Federal. participation in the Transit Benefit Program. The FECAIA provides for the. Federal employees to commute by. On April 2. 1, 2. President Clinton. Executive Order 1. Federal Workforce Transportation Fringe Benefit. Federal employees’ contribution to traffic congestion. The executive order called upon DOT, the Environmental. Protection Agency, and the Department of Energy to implement a nationwide pilot. The report estimated that the Transit Benefit Program resulted in. NCR, saving. over 8 million gallons of gasoline, and eliminating emissions of almost 4. The Transit Benefit Program’s importance. NCR. For example, the Virginia Railway Express (VRE), a growing commuter. NCR relies on the transit benefit for about 6. With FY 2. 00. 6 average daily ridership of nearly 1. VRE alone is responsible for removing a. I- 9. 5 and I- 6. Virginia. Overall, the Federal Transit Benefit Program now has. NCR. Beginning in January 2. Many of the federal agencies participating in the Federal Transit. Benefit Program are utilizing the distribution services of the organization. DOT, known as TRANServe. Amended Application. An. application for transit benefits that reflects changes in requirements. Approving Official. Supervisor, or. person of authority, required to review application for completion and. Daily commute to and/or from work. Using. some form of mass transportation when commuting to and from work. EFM. Electronic fare media. Extended leave. A period greater. False Claim. Knowingly presenting. Government an untrue statement for. Fare Media. Any transit pass. Fund Certifying Official. Supervisor in authority who reviews the. Integrity Awareness Training. Electronic. Learning Management System (e. LMS) course clarifies transit benefit. Mass Transit Expense Worksheet. A form. used by a qualified federal employee to determine the amount of transit. Mass Transportation. Public. Transportation operated for use by the public (i. National Capital Region (NCR). Privately owned vehicle. Qualified. employee. A federal employee, volunteer. Qualified Ferry. Ferries are an approved form of public. Qualified. Vanpool. A highway vehicle with seating. See Policy, page. Certification. that occurs during initial application, change in application and. Participants are. Smart. Benefit. Electronic transit. Smart. Card. A nontaxable. POV to commute via mass transit to and/or. The DOT supports programs that improve air quality and. DOT will provide a non- taxable subsidy designed to. The Transit. Benefit Program is available to all qualified federal employees (See. Section 2. 0 Definitions). This. policy and guidance applies to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The. FAA, while a DOT entity, administers its own Transit Benefit Program. TRANServe for this service. Employees. must display a valid federal DOT identification card before the transit. Employees. must use the transit benefit for their daily commute to and/or from work. Only the mass transit portion of an. Indirect costs, such as gas. Employees. receive a non- taxable subsidy in the form of “fare media” that can be used. The employee is responsible. Overestimating. transit costs, giving or selling the transit benefit to others, or. Participants are not permitted to. Benefits. may be issued in advance of the time period they will be used, with the. Once fare media is issued, it remains. Commuters that use a. EFM), are not required to use EFM until they become. All transit benefit recipients are. The transit benefit is tied to the. Beginning January 2. Integrity Awareness Training. Disciplinary penalties could range from a letter of admonishment. Facility. Directors and the DOT Modal Transit Benefit Coordinator are authorized to. Instances of fraud or possible fraud. DOT Office of the Inspector General. Approving. Officials, Supervisors, and/or the DOT Transit Benefit Program Coordinator. DOT. employees who travel to work in a single occupancy vehicle, carpool, airplane. When participating employees are on extended leave of 9. In the regions, there may be occasions. In cases where the voucher amount is $2 or less over the. Employees. named on a federally subsidized workplace motor vehicle parking permit are. The phrase, “named on a federally. Any government- provided. Managers may determine that it. DOT operations for selected employees to use federally. Accordingly, participants of the Transit Benefit. Program may request authority to use the facility parking areas on an. Modal Transit Benefit Program Coordinator. Managers are. strongly encouraged to limit this authority to no more than two times each. DOT employees may request authority for. Parking and. Transit Office. Ferries are an approved form of public. They are not approved, as a. POV from one point to another where the. POV. The Federal Transit Benefit Program covers “walk on” fares only. This. would include individuals who park their POV and walk on to the ferry. At. the debarkation point, the ferry rider would walk to work, use a public. Individuals. who ride bicycles on to the ferry and then use the bicycle to complete the. Approved vanpools and their. Qualified Vanpool is a highway vehicle with seating capacity for at. One alternate. operator may be named. All other federal employees in. Vanpools. may be made up of Government and non- Government employees. In the NCR, vanpools are required to register with the. Private vanpools are. When a private vanpool. Private vanpools operated by federal employees are in no way connected. The application will include clear. It is the. responsibility of the primary operator to keep the application updated, and to. This. information must be provided within five (5) business days of any changes. Failure. to comply with these guidelines will render the vanpool ineligible to receive the. Employees may only collect the transit benefit when they are actively. TRANServe provides a service to DOT. Transit Benefit Program. The role of the. TRANServe Program Office is to. DOT Modes will establish Modal Transit Benefit Coordinators. NCR and field offices that will have overall responsibility for. TRANServe will provide guidance and serve as the point of contact. DOT Modal Transit Benefit Coordinators on national Transit Benefit Program. DOT Modal Transit Benefit Coordinators will receive. DOT field offices to. TRANServe. Agency Account Managers (AAMs) have overall responsibility to. Transit Benefit Program for DOT. Once a Mode signs the OST TRANServe. Customer Agreement, the AAM takes over the day- to- day contact with the Mode to. NCR distribution occurs at the DOT Headquarters building. AM – 4: 0. 0 PM. Using the OST Customer Agreement and the modal. Point of Contact (POC), the AAM determines the location and frequency of fare. The DOT TRANServe Budget and Finance Personnel are responsible. Receiving. shipments and program mail. Researching. inventory issues. Procurement. The DOT Office of Inspector General (OIG) assists DOT. DOT employee participation in the Transit Benefit Program. The. DOT- OIG provides centralized monitoring and initial follow up of alleged transit. DOT. Federal employees who participate in the Transit Benefit. Program are required: To. Transit Benefit Program. Robert Cray merchandise, news, tour dates, videos and more. Get the official Robert Cray information and gear right here! Ranson v Customer Systems PLC . Appeal against findings that the appellant, a former. Server 2. 00. 8 TS Problems - Bad Performance and Disconnects. Thanks for the responses, guys. 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WPCs are a subset of a larger category of materials called natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs), which may contain no cellulose- based fiber fillers such as pulp fibers, peanut hulls, bamboo, straw, digestate, etc. In recent years, people in the flooring industry starts referring to WPC as a type of floor that has a basic structure of top vinyl veneer plus a rigid extruded core (the core can be made without any wood fiber). WPC is now an established product category within LVT. The most widespread use of WPCs in North America is in outdoor deck floors, but it is also used for railings, fences, landscaping timbers, cladding and siding, park benches, molding and trim, window and door frames, and indoor furniture. These materials can be molded with or without simulated wood grain details. The most common method of production is to extrude the material into the desired shape, though injection molding is also used. WPCs may be produced from either virgin or recycled thermoplastics including HDPE, LDPE, PVC, PP, ABS, PS, and PLA. Polyethylene based WPCs are by far the most common. Additives such as colorants, coupling agents, UV stabilizers, blowing agents, foaming agents, and lubricants help tailor the end product to the target area of application. Extruded WPCs are formed into both solid and hollow profiles. A large variety of injection molded parts are also produced, from automotive door panels to cell phone covers. In some manufacturing facilities, the constituents are combined and processed in a pelletizing extruder, which produces pellets of the new material. The pellets are then re- melted and formed into the final shape. Other manufacturers complete the finished part in a single step of mixing and extrusion.
WPCs tend to process at temperatures about 5. Most will begin to burn at temperatures around 4. The ratio of wood to plastic in the composite will ultimately determine the melt flow index (MFI) of the WPC, with larger amounts of wood generally leading to a lower MFI. Advantages and disadvantages. WPCs are often considered a sustainable material because they can be made using recycled plastics and the waste products of the wood industry. Although these materials continue the lifespan of used and discarded materials, they have their own considerable half life; the polymers and adhesives added make wood- plastic composite difficult to recycle again after use. One advantage over wood is the ability of the material to be molded to meet almost any desired shape. A WPC member can be bent and fixed to form strong arching curves. Another major selling point of these materials is their lack of need for paint. They are manufactured in a variety of colors, but are widely available in grays and earth tones. Despite up to 7. 0 percent cellulose content (although 5. WPCs is most similar to neat polymers. Neat polymers are polymerized without added solvents. Some WPC formulations are also sensitive to staining from a variety of agents. As time goes on, product defects have become well known. The industry leader (Trex Company, Inc.) has been involved in numerous lawsuits with home owners and installers in regards to mildew, discoloration and increased weakness in the fiber of the materials. As of mid 2. 00. 8, Trex has replaced over 3. Trex has previously announced that a small percentage of decking boards manufactured at its Fernley, Nevada plant between 2. WPC in a sandwich- structured composite form allow for combination of the benefits of traditional wood polymer composites with the lightness of a sandwich panel technology. WPC sandwich boards consist of wood polymer composite skins and usually low density polymer core which leads to a very effective increase of panel's rigidity. WPC sandwich boards are used mainly in automotive, transportation and building applications, but furniture applications are also being developed. The inclusion of plastic as a portion of the composite results in the potential for higher fire hazards in WPCs as compared with wood. Some code officials are becoming increasingly concerned with the fire performance of WPCs. WPC pellets and additives. Composite decking lumber. Floor Covering Weekly. Floor Covering Weekly. Retrieved 3. 0 April 2. Remodeling Magazine.^. Carraher's polymer chemistry. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. How to reference files via a relative path within the C# application????? Mike,That's not his problem in this case, but good to point out for him none the less. Peter,You're thinking way too hard. You have mixed up. Resources in Applications, which are usually embedded in an assembly, with loose files your application can load at runtime using a relative path. I think I understood how you get here, hence another post. Let me try to summarize these two issues one last time for you: First, you were adding an extra . Not true, and this is why those . A resx contains its resources and can be embedded in an assembly. This is typically how Win. Download file using C#. Introduction This article describes code to download a file using C#. Background While browsing forums today I came across a question which asked for a solution to download a file from a web server programmatically. Path Simple, Beautiful Sharing Path Get Application Directory . Next get assembly file path using Assembly.CodeBase property. This C# article uses the Path class. Path handles file locations in a consistent way, resolving common problems. Forms resx files are compiled. For more information, read the above link for Resources in Applications. Here is a picture showing you how a Form's RESX file is configured to be embedded: If you load an image into a picture box and choose . Otherwise, it can go to a different resx in the project but that creates a folder . Defines what a computer path is, covers the relationship of paths to URLs and explains what relative and absolute paths are and when to use one or the other. OMG I have been misled by stupid comments such as “If that file path is relative (meaning that it doesn. Get File Path Get File Path for Mac Free Download Now Secure Download Download Editors' Rating: Editors' Rating: 0 No Rating Average User Rating. Get application path in c#Here is the most universal way: string exe. Path =. System. IO. Path. Get. Directory. Name(. System. Reflection. Assembly. Get. Entry. Assembly(). Location). Other methods either require a library which you don't use (such as System. Windows. Forms) or depends on how the code is hosted (for example, using parameters of Main is not reliable).—SA. |
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